Fig. 1

The dramatic difference between in vitro and in vivo conditions in MSC transplantation for liver diseases. The MSC engraftment process is tortuous, and the transplanted MSCs would encounter dramatic changes ranging from in vitro comfortable growing conditions to in vivo inclement environment (such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation), leading to the low cell survival of MSC therapy for liver diseases. Figure designed by Adobe Illustrator CC 2018