| Control (n = 25) | Single intervention (n = 20) | Repeated intervention (n = 20) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
EF baseline | 35.73 ± 3.59 36 (38–32) | 34.75 ± 1.97 34 (37–33.3) | 33.85 ± 1.67a 33 (36–32.3) | 0.066 |
EF final | 44.27 ± 8.65 43 (49–39) | 50 ± 10.21 49 (61–40) | 53 ± 12.11a 52 (64–43) | 0.006 |
EF change | 8.53 ± 9.39 8 (15–3) | 15.25 ± 8.35 15 (24–6.8) | 19.25 ± 9.12a 19 (28–10.8) |  < 0.001 |
LVEDD baseline | 50.92 ± 6.16 51 (56–44.8) | 54.5 ± 5.87 55 (60.5–48) | 55.4 ± 7.65a 56.5 (62.5–49) | 0.04 |
LVEDD final | 55.8 ± 5.23 57 (59–51) | 57.25 ± 11.27 52.5 (70.3–49) | 54.25 ± 10.67a 49.5 (67.3–46) | 0.031 |
LVEDD change | 5.46 ± 7.37 6 (9.5–(− 0.3)) | 2.75 ± 10.96 3.5 (14–(− 9.3)) | − 1.15 ± 11.59 0 (12–(− 14)) | 0.099 |
LVESD baseline | 36.92 ± 6.58 37 (41.3–31.5) | 36.75 ± 6.7 37.5 (43.5–29.3) | 39.65 ± 6.96 43 (45–31.5) | 0.317 |
LVESD final | 42.53 ± 8.32 38 (47–37) | 39 ± 17.74 34 (60–23) | 35 ± 16.94 30 (56–19) | 0.083 |
LVESD change | 6.62 ± 7.9 2 (10–1.8) | 2.25 ± 14.83 1.5 (18.8–(− 13.5)) | − 4.65 ± 14.55a − 11 (12.5–(− 19.3)) | 0.01 |
LVEDV baseline | 98.08 ± 23.55 101.5 (116.3–78.5) | 118.25 ± 22.61 123.5 (139–92.3) | 123.25 ± 21.91a 128.5 (144–128.5) | 0.002 |
LVEDV final | 101.33 ± 23.94 103 (125–78) | 121.75 ± 50.33 114 (177.3–74) | 116.75 ± 48.93 109 (172.3–69) | 0.19 |
LVEDV change | 4.58 ± 21.15 0.5 (28.8–(− 15.5)) | 3.5 ± 3.23 1 (51.3–(− 41.75)) | − 6.5 ± 4.32 − 9 (41.3–(− 51.8)) | 0.39 |
LVESV baseline | 63.25 ± 14.54 65.5 (73.5–49.7) | 77.31 ± 15.91 79.4 (92.8–59.8) | 81.81 ± 16.18a 83.8 (97.6–64) | 0.003 |
LVESV final | 56.8 ± 16.49 62.1 (69–40.3) | 65.59 ± 38.28 58.1 (108.2–30.4) | 59.59 ± 36.28 52.3 (100–26.4) | 0.392 |
LVESV change | − 5.68 ± 16.62 − 5.1 (4.6–(− 20.1)) | − 11.72 ± 5.18 − 16.4 (24–(− 42.7)) | − 22.22 ± 9.26 − 26.7 (11.2–(− 51.11)) | 0.015 |
GLS baseline | − 9.84 ± 2.6 − 9.5 (− 8.6–(− 11)) | − 9.28 ± 2.34 − 10.1 (− 6.5–(− 11.2)) | − 8.28 ± 1.95 − 9.1 (− 5.5–(10.2)) | 0.092 |
GLS final | − 14.13 ± 2.77 − 14.2 (− 13–(− 16.5)) | − 16.05 ± 3.85 − 16.5 (− 11.7–(− 19.9)) | − 18.05 ± 3.75a − 18.6 (− 13.7–(− 21.9)) | 0.007 |
GLS change | − 3.92 ± 2.35 − 3.7 (− 2.9–(− 4.81)) | − 6.77 ± 3.05a − 7.4 (− 3.3–(− 9.6)) | − 9.77 ± 3.65a − 10.4 (− .3–(− 12.6)) |  < 0.001 |