Table 1 A variety of methods to characterize the senescence of mice
From: Application of mesenchymal stem cells for anti-senescence and clinical challenges
Characterization of senescence | Methods |
|---|---|
Skin | Â |
 Hair |  |
 Action |  |
Respiration and metabolism | Metabolic cage (RER), metabolic treadmill |
Strength and muscle | Small animal handgrip dynamometer, wire suspension test |
Bone and fat | Measure the volume of visceral and subcutaneous fat, bone imaging |
Motor, coordination, and endurance | Track test, wood rod test |
Anxiety-like behaviors | Open field test |
Spatial, cognitive, and memory abilities | Fear conditioning, Y or T maze, the Barnes maze test, morris water maze |
Astrocytes and microglia | GFAP↑ IBA1↑ |
Hypothalamus | Inflammation↑ various saturated fatty acids↑ COX-2 positive cells↑ |
Kidney | SA-β-gal positive cells↑ γH2AX↑ BUN↑ Cr↑ |
Liver | Markers of M1 macrophages↑ pro-inflammatory factors (TNFα, IL-6 and IL1β) ↑ P-MLKL↑ p16↑ lipofuscin↑ γH2AX↑ |
Heart | Amyloid deposition↑ lipofuscin↑ mTOR phosphorylation↑ |