Fig. 1

Advantages of Human iPSCs-Derived 3D Vascular Organoids Over Conventional 2D Models. A comparison between 2D (left) and 3D (right) systems highlights the advantages of human iPSCs-derived 3D vascular organoids. These patient-derived organoids closely resemble native blood vessels, containing crucial vascular cell types such as mural and endothelial cells, thus enabling better mimicry of native pathophysiological responses. Their personalized nature offers the potential for studying individualized drug responses, as hiPSCs-derived organoids retain patient-specific metabolic and hyperglycaemic memory from the original tissue/organ. These functional vascular organoids can be integrated with other organoids or engineered tissue constructs. The absence of irrelevant cells in the microenvironment and inclusion of all major vascular cell types streamline downstream experimental analyses. However, the simplified tissue complexity may be considered a limitation in constructing fully organotypic blood vessels