Fig. 3
Cytokine levels in culture supernatants of splenocytes obtained from collagen-induced arthritis mouse models. The spleen cells from three mice were isolated on day 48 after CII immunization (2 × 105 cells/96-well plate well) with or without ConA (5 μg/mL), or LPS (2.5 μg/mL). Each well was treated with medium (no-treatment, X), Exo-FBS, Exo-RA, or Exo-non-RA (n = 3). The exosomes and splenocytes were co-cultured at a ratio of 9 μg: 2 × 105. The levels of IL-6, IL-17, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-2, and MCP-1 were analyzed in the supernatants of ConA-stimulated splenocytes, and the levels of TNF-α, KC, IL-10, IL-1α, IL-1β, MIP-2, IL-12p70, and RANTES were analyzed in LPS-stimulated splenocytes. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean. To compare means from two related samples, the paired t-test was used. *, Significant (p < 0.05) differences from the control (X). CII: type II collagen