Endothelial progenitor cells as biomarkers of diabetes-related cardiovascular complications

Table 1 Clinical studies analysing EPCs levels in DM patients

Author (year)	DM	EPCs phenotypes	EPCs number in DM versus HC	References
Maiorino, M.I. (2015)	T1DM	cEPCs: CD34⁺ cEPCs: CD133⁺ cEPCs: CD34⁺ CD133⁺ cEPCs: CD133⁺ KDR⁺ cEPCs: CD34⁺ CD133⁺ KDR⁺	↓T1DM	[97]
Salem, M.A. (2022)	T1DM	cEPCs: CD34⁺ CD133⁺ KDR⁺	↓T1DM	[98]
Taylor, G.S. (2021)	T1DM	HPCs: CD34⁺ HPCs: CD34⁺ CD45^dim EPCs:CD34⁺ KDR⁺ EPCs: CD34⁺ CD45^dim KDR⁺	↓Mobilization after exercise	[99]
Maio, A. (2022)	T1DM	EPCs: CD34⁺ EPCs: CD34⁺ CD133⁺ EPCs: CD34⁺ KDR⁺	↓T1DM	[100]
Fadini, G.P. (2005)	T2DM	CPCs: CD34⁺ EPCs: CD34⁺ KDR⁺	↓T2DM	[101]
Van Ark, J. (2012)	T2DM	cEPCs: CD34⁺ cEPCs: CD34⁺ KDR⁺ CACs: KDR⁺ eNOS⁺ Col1⁺ SMPCs: CD14⁺ CD105⁺	↓T2DM ↓T2DM ↓T2DM NC T2DM	[102]
Churdchomjan, W. (2010)	T2DM	EPCs: CD34⁺ KDR⁺	↓T2DM	[103]
Bonora, B.M. (2022)	T1DM /T2DM	cEPCs: CD34⁺/CD133⁺KDR⁺	↑ Glycaemic control	[104]
Egan, C.G. (2008)	T2DM	pEPCs: CD34⁺ pEPCs: CD31⁺ CD34⁺ pEPCs: CD117⁺ CD34⁺ pEPCs: CD133⁺ CD34⁺ pEPCs: KDR⁺ CD34⁺ HC: KDR⁺ CD117⁺ HC: CD133⁺ KDR⁺	↓T2DM	[105]
Egan, C.G. (2018)	T2DM		↓T2DM	[106]
Fadini, G.P. (2013)	T2DM	CPCs: CD34⁺	↓T2DM (BM)	[110]

Different clinical studies evaluating the number of EPCs in the peripheral blood (PB) of diabetic patients are shown
T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, HPCs hematopoietic progenitor cells, EPCs endothelial progenitor cells, cEPCs circulating endothelial progenitor cells, CPCs circulating peripheral blood progenitor cells, CACs circulating angiogenic cells, SMPCs smooth muscle progenitor cells, pEPCs putative endothelial progenitor cells, HC healthy control, wo without, NC no changes

ISSN: 1757-6512