Fig. 1

Increased circulating NOD1 activators in Akita mice. A NOD1 stimulatory activity was assessed in serum from Akita mice (6 months after diabetes onset) and age-matched controls using a HEK293T cell-based reporter assay (n = 10 per group). **p < 0.01. B Scheme for mouse strains. C–E Glycated hemoglobin, random blood glucose, and body weight were measured for Akita mice, NOD1^−/−-Akita mice, and mice in the nondiabetic groups (n = 10–12 per group). The results are presented as the mean ± SD; ^#p < 0.05 compared with WT; ^&p < 0.05 compared with NOD1^−/−. WT, wild type