Fig. 1

Effect of DPSC-CM on CYP-mediated cytotoxicity in NHEKs. A Representative photomicrographs of NHEKs treated with 2 mg/mL CYP in all, except the control group (n = 3 in each group). B Cell viability of NHEKs treated with varying CYP concentrations. The numbers at the bottom of the columns represent the number of independent experiments, each comprising six technical replicates. C Activity level of LDH released via the damaged plasma membrane of NHEKs into the supernatant (n = 5 in each group). D Representative photomicrographs of the TUNEL-stained NHEKs in the quantitative apoptosis analysis of the in vitro CIA model (n = 5 in each group). E Quantitative apoptosis analysis of TUNEL-positive NHEKs treated with 3.5 mg/mL CYP in all, except the control group (n = 5 in each group). A–E Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001