Table 1 Recent preclinical studies on ADSC-based optimization strategies for bone regeneration
ADSC-based optimization strategies | Models | Methods | Results | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bioscaffolds | Heterogeneous deproteinized bone (HDB) | Rat radial defect model | ADSCs seeded onto the HDB were implanted into the defective area | ADSC-HDB composites exhibited a strong osteogenic ability | Liu et al. [89] |
Modified hierarchical mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffold | Rat femoral defect model | Osteogenically induced ADSCs were seeded on the MBG scaffolds prevascularized by endothelial-induced ADSCs; the composite scaffolds were implanted into the defective area | Time-phased sequential application of ADSCs on the MBG scaffolds promoted better angiogenesis and mineral deposition | Du et al. [90] | |
Genetic modification + Bioscaffolds | Transduction of BMP-2; Biofabricated cryogel scaffolds | Mouse atrophic non-union model | ADSCs were seeded onto biofabricated cryogel scaffolds after BMP-2 transduction and implanted into the non-union site | ADSC-seeded cryogels promoted osseous healing | Hixon et al. [94] |
miR-150-5p inhibition; Hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) ceramic powder | BALB/c nu/nu mice | miR-150-5p-modified ADSCs were loaded in HA/TCP ceramic powders and implanted into the dorsal surface of BALB/c nu/nu mice | Combination of ADSCs, miR-150-5p inhibition, and HA/TCP promoted bone damage repair and bone regeneration | Wang et al. [95] | |
Engineered ADSC spheroids | Mouse calvarial defect model | ADSCs were assembled with PDGF and biomineral-coated fibers to form spheroids and implanted into the defective area | ADSC spheroids incorporating PDGF and biominerals exhibited greater endothelial lineage mRNA expression and vascularized bone regeneration | Lee et al. [91] | |
Mouse calvarial defect model | ADSCs were assembled with adenosine and polydopamine-coated fibers to form spheroids and implanted into the defective area | ADSC spheroids impregnated with engineered fibers enabled adenosine delivery and promoted bone regeneration with enhanced osteogenic differentiation | Ahmad et al. [92] | ||
ADSC-Exos + Bioscaffolds | Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) | Rat skull defect model | ADSC-Exos loaded within GNPs were implanted into the defective area | GNP-ADSC-Exos effectively regulated bone immune metabolism and promoted bone healing partly via the immune regulation of miR-451a | Li et al. [17] |
Metal–organic framework (MOF) scaffolds | Rat calvarial defect model | ADSC-Exos were coated on the PLGA/Mg-GA MOF scaffold and implanted into the defective area | PLGA/Exo-Mg-GA MOF scaffolds promoted osteogenesis and satisfactory osseointegration | Kang et al. [57] | |
PLGA/pDA scaffolds | Mouse calvarial defect model | ADSC-Exos were immobilized on PLGA/pDA scaffolds and then implanted into the defective area | Composite of ADSC-Exos and PLGA/pDA scaffolds enhanced bone regeneration, partially via their osteoinductive effects and by promoting stem cell migration and homing | Li et al. [96] | |
Gelatin sponge/polydopamine (GS-PDA) scaffolds | Rat femoral defect model | ADSC-Exos-modified GS-PDA scaffolds (GS-PDA-Exos) were implanted into the defective area | GS-PDA-Exos promoted osteogenesis and bone repair | Li et al. [99] | |
ADSC-Exos + Genetic modification + Bioscaffolds | Exosomes derived from genetically modified ADSCs; Hydrogel comprising thiol‐modified hyaluronan, hydroxyapatite, and thiol‐modified heparin | Rat calvarial defect model | Exosomes derived from miR-375-overexpressing ADSCs were embedded in hydrogels and implanted into the defective area | ADSC-Exos enriched with miR-375 could enhance bone regeneration | Chen et al. [56] |