Fig. 5

Seizure data analysis at different times and groups. Analysis of individual pretreatment period seizure data with treatment data using ANOVA identified a significant difference in the total number of seizures (A) and total time spent in seizure activity (B) in the MGE-EV treatment group. In the IN-EV-GABA group, the total number of seizures was significantly reduced compared to its pretreatment period, while time spent in seizure activity was non-significantly lower. However, NSC-EV-GABA treatment didn’t demonstrate any significance compared to its pretreatment period. C: Effect of intranasal administration of IN-EVs, MGE-EVs and GABA alone as 3 different controls on total number of seizures in REs. D. Effect of intranasal administration of IN-EVs, MGE-EVs and GABA alone on the number of stage V seizures in REs. E. Effect of intranasal administration of IN-EVs, MGE-EVs and GABA alone on the total time spent in seizure per 10 h in REs. REs: Rats with epilepsy. For multiple comparisons between the groups, Newman-Keuls post hoc test was used. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. In Figure B, *p < 0.05 when analysed with an unpaired t-test between the pretreatment period and the treatment period, but not with Newman-Keuls post hoc test. ns: non-significant