Fig. 1

Experimental schema and timeline. Rats were anesthetized and subjected to bilateral renal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury or sham surgery. At 24 h post-surgery, rats were randomized into two groups based on creatinine values such that the vehicle-control and treatment groups had similar levels of renal injury at the initiation of treatment. Rats were randomized into groups receiving subcutaneous injection of either ASC-CS (2 mg/kg; 1 ml) or saline-vehicle (1 ml) at 24 h and 72 h post I/R injury. After 5 days (120 h) recovery post-surgery, kidneys were harvested for histological evaluation and flow cytometry analysis of inflammatory cells