Figure 2

Schematic diagram of the overlapping mechanisms between cellular reprogramming and tumorigenesis. Overexpression of pluripotency factors (such as OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, and microRNAs) and inhibition of tumor suppressor gene products (such as p14^ARF, p16^INK4a, p21^CIP1, and p53) drive the generation of pluripotency (blue arrows) and tumorigenicity (red arrows) in the presence of activated telomerase [77] and H-Ras V12 [25] genes. These tumor suppressor genes are hypermethylated and silenced during the reprogramming and tumorigenic processes. iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; ROS, reactive oxygen species.