Fig. 3

Three-dimensional-printed complex anatomical structures based on polycaprolactone (PCL) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) support. a–c Vascular tree. d–f Right ear. g–i DNA helix. a, d, g Computer-aided designs showing permanent (red) and sacrificial (grey) components. b, e, h Printed structures showing PCL (bright white) and PVA (off-white). d, f, i PCL scaffold after sacrificing PVA support. Reproduced with permission from Visser et al. [131] and Institute of Physics Publishing