Urine-derived cells for human cell therapy

Table 2 Differentiation capability of urine-derived cells and their potential application

Type of urine cell	Differentiated to	Markers expressed before differentiation	Markers expressed after transdifferentiation/differentiation	In-vivo testing reported	Potential application	Reference
Urine stem cells	Endothelial	vWF, CD31	KDR, VE-cadherin, FLT-1, eNOS	Yes	Renal reconstruction, angiogenesis, SUI, erectile dysfunction	[36]
	Uroepithelial	Uroplakin Ia	Uroplakin-III, AE1/AE3 and CK7	Yes	Urological reconstruction	[3, 6]
	Smooth muscle	α-SMA	Desmin, Myosin, Smoothelin,	Yes	Bladder reconstruction, Genitourinary repair	[5, 14]
	Myogenic	Nil	MyoD, Myogenin, Myf5, Myosin	Yes	Heart repair, SUI	[88, 89]
	Beta–like cells	Nil	PDX1	Yes	Diabetic treatment	[62]
	Osteogenic	Nil	Osteocalcin, Runx2, ALP	Yes	Bone tissue engineering	[21]
	Neuronal	Sox-2	GFAP, Nestin, NF-200, S100	no	Neural tissue engineering	[85]
	Chondrogenic	Nil	Sox-9, Collagen II, Aggrecan	Yes	Cartilage replacement	[22, 90]
	iPSC	Klf-4, Sox-2, Oct 3/4, c-Myc	Nanog	Yes (teratoma)	Disease modelling/drug screening	[91]
Renal cells	Neural stem cells	Sox-2	Nestin, Pax6,	Yes	Neurodegenerative disorders	[33]
Renal cells	Beta cells	Sox-17, PDX1	NKX6.1, Insulin, C-peptide	Yes	Diabetic therapy	[55]
	iPSC	Unknown	Sox-2, Oct3/4, Klf-4, Tra-1, SSEA-4	Yes (teratoma)	Disease modelling/drug screening	[32]

Urine stem cells have been shown to generate differentiated cells for kidney, genitourinary, cartilage, bone, and cardiac repair
Renal cells have been utilised to generate differentiated cells such as beta cell and liver cells
Pluripotent stem cells have been generated from both renal cells and urine stem cells
See the abbreviations list for definitions of the marker acronyms
iPSC induced pluripotent stem cells, SUI stress urinary incontinence

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