Table 1 Effect of insulin resistance on skeletal muscle development and regeneration in animal models

C57BL6 mice

HFD for 8 months

6-week-old

23% protein, 35.8% fat, and 35.5% carbohydrate

N/A

Smaller regenerating myofibers plus more collagen deposition

N/A

No change

Increased expression of PTEN, which lowers muscle PIP3

[30]

C57BL6 mice

HFD for 3 weeks

3-week-old

26.2% protein, 34.9% fat, and 26.3% carbohydrate

Decreased muscle mass

Reduced regenerative capability

Decreased

N/A

N/A

[41]

C57BL6 mice

HFD for 12 weeks

4-week-old

60% kcal from fat

N/A

Normal

N/A

No change

N/A

[55]

C57BL6 mice

HFD for 6 weeks

4-week-old

18.3% protein, 60.9% fat, and 20.1% carbohydrate (kcal%)

No change

Delayed

No change

Reduced

SCs do not respond to HGF activation

[42]

Ob/ob and db/db mice

Normal chow

6% kcal from fat

N/A

Delayed

N/A

Reduced

N/A

[55]

OZR

Normal chow

Smaller skeletal muscle size

N/A

SC% no change

Decreased

Reduced Akt signaling

[45]

OZR

Normal chow

N/A

N/A

N/A

Normal

N/A

[46]