Table 4 Priming of MSC with biomaterials or different culture conditions

3D cell culture in collagen-hydrogel scaffold

Umbilical Cord

–

In vitro

Induced chondrogenesis differentiation by increasing expressions of collagen II, aggrecan, COMPS.

[118]

3D cell culture in chitosan scaffold

Bone marrow (rat)

–

In vitro

Induced chondrogenesis differentiation by increased production of collagen type II.

[119]

3D cell culture of composite combining an affinity peptide sequence (E7) and hydrogel

Bone marrow (rat)

–

In vitro

Increased cell survival, matrix production, and improved chondrogenic differentiation ability.

[120]

3D cell culture of alginate/chondroitin sulfate

Bone marrow

–

In vitro

Induced type II collagen synthesis and chondrogenesis in the scaffolds.

[104]

3D cell culture of collagen/hydroxyapatite, hydroxyapatite, and biphasic calcium phosphate

Bone marrow (rat)

–

In vitro

Exhibited the highest osteogenic capacity in collagen/hydroxyapatite, but the poorest in hydroxyapatite.

[123]

3D cell culture in poly(ethylene glycol)-variant scaffolds

Bone marrow

–

In vitro

Upregulated osteogenic markers and osteocalcin expression.

[125]

3D cell culture of mineralized collagen sponges and alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP)

Bone marrow

–

In vitro

Improved seeding efficacy and increased osteogenic marker genes (mineralized collagen scaffold).

[126]

3D cell culture in hydrogel

Bone marrow (murine)

Excisional wound healing model

In vitro/in vivo (mice)

Induced angiogenic cytokines and expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 in vitro and enhanced wound healing in vivo.

[129]

Encapsulation in hydrogel

Bone marrow (rat)

Diabetic ulcers model

In vitro/In vivo (rats)

Promoted granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix secretion, wound contraction, and re-epithelialization.

[130]

Glucose concentration in the culture medium

Telomerase-immortalized (hMSC-TERT)

–

In vitro

High-glucose concentration (25 mM) increased proliferation and osteogenic differentiation.

[132]

High glucose concentration in the culture medium

Bone marrow

In vitro

Decreased chondrogenic capacity.

[133]

Medium from cardiomyocytes exposed to oxidative stress and high glucose

Bone marrow (diabetic mouse)

Diabetes induced with streptozotocin model

In vitro/in vivo (mice)

Enhanced survival, proliferation and angiogenic ability, increased the ability to improve function in a diabetic heart.

[134]

Spheroid formation (different techniques)

Bone marrow

In vitro

Enhanced homogenous cellular aggregates formation and improved osteogenic differentiation (low attachment plates).

[139]

Spheroids formation (hanging-drop)

Bone marrow

Zymosan-induced peritonitis model

In vitro/in vivo (mice)

Expressed high levels of anti-inflammatory (TSG-6 and STC-1) and anti-tumorigenic molecules compared to 2D culture, suppressed inflammation in vivo.

[140]

Spheroid formation

(chitosan films)

Adipose tissue

Cutaneous wound model

In vitro/in vivo (mice)

Increased expansion efficiency with less senescence and enhanced migration; improved healing and enhanced angiogenesis in the wounds.

[142]

Spheroids formation (hanging drop)

Cord blood

Hindlimb ischemia model

In vitro/in vivo (mice)

Improved engraftment; increased the number of microvessels and smooth muscle α-actin-positive vessels.

[143]