Table 1 Differentiation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) into male germ cells in vitro

Adipose tissue

Adult

Dog

BMP4

[65]

Adipose tissue

Adult

Dog

CD61 overexpression

[66]

Adipose tissue

Adult

Goat

BOULE overexpression

DAZL overexpression

STRA8 overexpression

[67]

Adipose tissue

Adult

Human

Retinoic acid

[68]

Adipose tissue

Adult

Mouse

BMP4

EGF

GDNF

LIF

Retinoic acid

[69]

Adipose tissue

Adult

Mouse

Sertoli cells co-culture

Retinoic acid

Testosterone

[70]

Adipose tissue

Adult

Mouse

Testicular cell conditioned medium

Retinoic acid

[71]

Amniotic membrane

Fetal

Human

Retinoic acid

[72]

Amniotic membrane

Fetal

Mouse

BMP4

Retinoic acid

[73]

Bone marrow

Adult

Goat

BMP4

Retinoic acid

[74]

Bone marrow

Adult

Human

Retinoic acid

Sertoli cell-conditioned medium

[75]

Bone marrow

Adult

Human

Retinoic acid

[76]

Bone marrow

Adult

Mouse

BMP4

[77, 78]

Bone marrow

Adipose tissue

Adult

Mouse

BMP4

Retinoic acid

[79]

Bone marrow

Adult

Mouse

BMP4

Retinoic acid

[80]

Bone marrow

Adult

Mouse

Retinoic acid

[81,82,83]

Bone marrow

Adult

Mouse

Sertoli cell-condition medium

[84]

Bone marrow

Adult

Mouse

Static magnetic field

BMP4

[85]

Bone marrow

Adult

Mouse

Retinoic acid

Testicular cell co-culture

[86]

Bone marrow

Adult

Rat

bFGF

LIF

Retinoic acid

[87]

Bone marrow

Adult

Rat

Retinoic acid

[88]

Bone marrow

Adult

Rat

Sertoli cell co-culture

[89]

Bone marrow

Adult

Sheep

Inorganic zinc (sulfate)

[90]

Bone marrow

Adult

Sheep

Inorganic zinc (sulfate)

Organic zinc (acetate)

Retinoic acid

[91]

Bone marrow

Adult

Sheep

Retinoic acid

TGF-β1

[92]

Bone marrow

Adult

Sheep

Retinoic acid

[93]

Bone marrow

Adult

Sheep

TGFb1

BMP4

BMP8b

[94]

Bone marrow

Fetal

Human

Retinoic acid

Testicular extracts

[95]

Lung

Fetal

Human

Retinoic acid

[96]

Umbilical cord

Fetal

Human

BMP4

Retinoic acid

[97, 98]

Umbilical cord

Fetal

Human

BMP4

[99]

Umbilical cord

Fetal

Human

pCD61-CAGG-TRIP-pur (oCD61) plasmid

[100]

Umbilical cord

Fetal

Human

Testicular cell co-culture

[101]

Wharton’s jelly

Fetal

Human

BMP4

Testicular cell-conditioned medium

Placental cell-conditioned medium

Retinoic acid

[102]

Wharton’s jelly

Fetal

Human

BMP4

Placenta cell co-culture

Retinoic acid

[103]

Wharton’s jelly

Fetal

Human

Retinoic acid

Testosterone

Testicular cell-conditioned medium

[104]

Wharton’s jelly

Fetal

Human

Retinoic acid

[105, 106]

Wharton’s jelly

Fetal

Human

Sertoli cell co-culture

[107]