Table 1 Summary of osteogenic small molecules, signaling pathways, adjunctive agents and cell lines on which they were evaluated

Statins

 ⊕ Canonical & non-canonical Wnt

 ⊕ Estrogen Signaling

 ⊕ BMP/Smad

 ⊕ RhoA/actin

 ⊖ ERK ½

 ⊕ P38

Hydroxyapatite

PTH

BMP-2

Nsi-RNA

Estradiol

Graphene Oxide

Murine ESC

hBMMSC

Rat BMMSC

MC3T3-E1

MG-63

DPSC

Adenosine

 ⊕ PI3K pathway

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

 ⊕ cAMP signaling

-

Mouse BMMSC

hESC

hiPSC

hBMMSC

DPSC

Bisphosphonates

 ⊖ OPG/Rankl

 ⊖ mTOR

 ⊕ BMP/Smad

Simvastatin

BMP-2

Mouse BMMSC

MG-63

Rat AD-MSC

MC3T3-E1

Rat BMMSC

Dexamethasone

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

 ⊕ ERK ½

BMP-2

BMP-2 peptide

Hydroxyapatite

SHED

Rat BMMSC

Rat muscle-derived stromal cell

Canine iPSC-derived MSC

AD-MSC

Melatonin

 ⊕ AMPK

 ⊕ PKA signaling

 ⊕ PKC signaling

 ⊕ Neuropeptide Y signaling

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

 ⊕ BMP/Smad signaling

 ⊕ P38

 ⊕ ERK ½

 ⊖ OPG/Rankl

Cyclodextrin

Retinoic + Butyric + hyaluronic acid

BMP-4

Rat BMMSC

hBMMSC

C2C12

Rabbit DPSC

MC3T3-E1

DPSC

Metformin

 ⊕ AMPK

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

 ⊕ BMP/Smad

 ⊖ ERK ½

 ⊖ P38

-

hCV-MSC

MC3T3E1

hiPSC-derived MSC

hBMMSC

periodontal ligament SC

UC-MSC

Phenamil

 ⊕ BMP/Smad signaling

BMP-2

Nsh-RNA

Strontium

AD-MSC

MC3T3-E1

DPSC

hBMMSC

Parathyroid Hormone

 ⊕ BMP/Smad signaling

 ⊕ cAMP

 ⊕ PKC signaling

 ⊕ PKA signaling

Vitamin K

Rat BMMSC

hBMMSC

hAD-MSC

Mouse BMMSC

Resveratrol

 ⊕ ERK ½

OPG/Rankl

 ⊕ Sirt1

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

Zoledronic acid

hBMMSC

MC3E3-T1

DPSC

hESC-derived MSC progenitor

Canine AD-MSC

Mouse BMMSC

Canine BMMSC

Vitamin D3

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

 ⊕ Sirt1

BMP-2

Vitamin MK-7

hiPSC (105)

MC3T3-E1

hBMMSC

mouse BMMSC

hAD-MSC

T63

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

 ⊕ BMP/Smad

-

MC3T3-E1

Tetrahydroquinoline

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

-

C2C12

Pyrazolopyrimidine

 ⊕ Canonical Wnt

-

C2C12

Smoothened agonist

 ⊕ Hedgehog

-

Mouse ESC

Mouse iPSC

hiPSC

Purmorphamine

 ⊕ Hedgehog

-

Rat BMMSC

DPSC

Rapamycin

 ⊖ mTOR

BDSC