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Table 1 Summary of stem cell responses to various mechanical stimuli
From: Force-dependent cell signaling in stem cell differentiation
| Cell type | Response/regulation | Mechanical stimuli | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult stem cells | |||
| MSCs | Osteogenic differentiation | Applied forces (cyclic/static) | [69] |
| Increase cell area | [2] | ||
| Increase in substrate rigidity | [1] | ||
| Activate RhoA | [68, 69] | ||
| Random nanotopography | [96] | ||
| Chondrogenic/adipogenic differentiation | Decrease cell area | [2, 64] | |
| Decrease in substrate rigidity | [1] | ||
| Inhibition of RhoA | [65] | ||
| Myogenic/smooth muscle cell differentiation | Applied force (for example, cyclic strain) | [98] | |
| Intermediate substrate rigidity | [46] | ||
| Cell shape: activation of Rac1 | [64] | ||
| Neurogenesis | Soft substrate rigidity | [1] | |
| Anisotropic (line) topography | [4] | ||
| Enhanced endocytosis | Pillar topography | [99] | |
| ASCs | Myogenic differentiation | Intermediate substrate rigidity | [46] |
| Chondrogenic differentiation | RhoA inhibitor | [93] | |
| NSCs/NPCs | Support neuronal differentiation | Suppression of RhoA and Cdc42 activity | [67] |
| Anisotropic topography | [92] | ||
| Embryonic stem cells | Increase spreading | Applied forces | [48] |
| Increase viability upon dissociation | Inhibition of ROCK activity or actomyosin contractility | [60, 61] | |
| Neuronal differentiation | Anisotropic (line) topography | [94] | |
| Osteogenic differentiation | Pillar topography | [95] |
